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Saturday, November 9, 2013
HOMERIC PERIOD IN HELLENIC HISTORY (1100-750 BCE) MULTILINGUAL INTRODUCTION
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In order to understand the evolution of the Hellenic civilization it is necessary to go back to the first period of its history, the Homeric Age which extended from approximately 1200 to 800 BC. It was then that the Greek nation was formed and the foundations laid for many of the social and political developments of subsequent centuries. Not all of the glory that was Greece can be traced to the Homeric Age, but it is nonetheless true that several of the most typical institutions and attributes of the Greeks in their prime were modifications of forms which had survived from the earliest days.
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Для того, чтобы понять эволюцию эллинской цивилизации необходимо вернуться к первому периоду его истории, гомеровских Возраст которая простиралась от примерно 1200 до 800 г. до н. Это был, что греческий народ сформировался и заложены основы для многих социальных и политических событиях последующих веков. Не все в славе, которая была Греции можно отнести к гомеровской возраста, но тем не менее верно, что несколько наиболее типичных институтов и атрибутов греков в расцвете сил были модификации формы, которые выжили с самых первых дней.
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Në mënyrë që të kuptojmë evolucionin e qytetërimit helen është e nevojshme të kthehemi në periudhën e parë të historisë së saj, Mosha homerik e cila zgjatet nga rreth 1200-800 pes. Ajo ishte që kombi grek u formua dhe vunë themelet për shumë nga zhvillimet shoqërore dhe politike e shekujve të mëpasëm. Jo të gjithë e lavdisë që ishte Greqia mund të gjurmohen në epokën homerike, por megjithatë është e vërtetë se disa nga institucionet më tipike dhe atributet e grekëve në kryeministri i tyre ishin modifikimet e formave që kishte mbijetuar nga ditët më të hershme.
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იმისათვის, რომ გავიგოთ, ევოლუცია საბერძნეთის ცივილიზაციის აუცილებელია დაბრუნდეს პირველ პერიოდში თავის ისტორიაში Homeric ასაკი რომელიც გაგრძელდა დაახლოებით 1200 დან 800 ძვ. ეს იყო, რომ ბერძნული ერი ჩამოყალიბდა და ფონდების დაედო ბევრ სოციალურ და პოლიტიკურ მოვლენებზე მომდევნო საუკუნეებში. არა ყველა დიდება, რომელიც იყო Greece შეიძლება traced, Homeric ასაკი, მაგრამ ეს მაინც მართალია, რომ რამდენიმე ყველაზე ტიპიური ინსტიტუტები და ატრიბუტები ბერძნები მათი პრემიერ იყვნენ მოდიფიკაციები ფორმები, რომელმაც გადაურჩა ადრეული დღის განმავლობაში.
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为了了解希腊文明的演变，有必要回到历史的第一阶段，从约1200至公元前800年的的荷马年龄延长。这是希腊民族的形成和许多随后的几个世纪的社会和政治的发展奠定基础。并非所有的荣耀，这是可以追溯到希腊的荷马时代，但它仍不失为真正的希腊人在他们的全盛时期最典型的机构和属性修改的形式幸存了下来，从最早的日子。
من أجل فهم تطور الحضارة الهيلينية فمن الضروري أن نعود إلى الفترة الأولى من
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تاريخها، عصر هوميروس التي امتدت من حوالي 1200-800 قبل الميلاد. وكان أن الأمة اليونانية تشكلت والأسس التي وضعت للعديد من التطورات الاجتماعية والسياسية في القرون اللاحقة. ليس كل من المجد الذي كان يمكن تتبع اليونان إلى عصر هوميروس، لكنه مع ذلك صحيح أن العديد من المؤسسات الأكثر نموذجية وسمات من اليونانيين في ريعان الشباب كانت التعديلات من الأشكال التي قد نجا من الأيام الأولى.
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Որպեսզի հասկանալ էվոլյուցիան Հունաստանի քաղաքակրթություն պետք է վերադառնալ առաջին շրջանում իր պատմության Homeric խմիչքը, որը տարածվում է մոտավորապես 1200 - ից 800 շահառու երկիրն է. Դա եղել է, որ հունական ազգը ձեւավորվել եւ հիմքերը դրել շատերի համար սոցիալական եւ քաղաքական զարգացումների հետագա դարերում. Ոչ բոլոր փառքը, որը Հունաստանը կարող է նկատելի է Homeric տարիքում, բայց դա ճիշտ է, որ այնուամենայնիվ մի քանի առավել բնորոշ ինստիտուտների եւ հատկանիշներ, որ հույների, իրենց վարչապետը եղել փոփոխությունների ձեւերի որը վերապրած է առաջին իսկ օրերից.
Friday, November 8, 2013
Η ΓΕΩΜΕΤΡΙΚΗ ΤΕΧΝΗ ΣΤΗΝ ΑΡΧΑΙΑ ΕΛΛΑΔΑ - ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΟ ΜΟΥΣΕΙΟ ΤΕΧΝΗΣ ΝΕΑΣ ΥΟΡΚΗΣ (english l.)
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The roots of Classical Greece lie in the Geometric period of about ca. 900 to 700 B.C., a time of dramatic transformation that led to the establishment of primary Greek institutions. The Greek city-state (polis) was formed, the Greek alphabet was developed, and new opportunities for trade and colonization were realized in cities founded along the coast of Asia Minor, in southern Italy, and in Sicily. With the development of the Greek city-states came the construction of large temples and sanctuaries dedicated to patron deities, which signaled the rise of state religion. Each polis identified with its own legendary hero. By the end of the eighth century B.C., the Greeks had founded a number of major Panhellenic sanctuaries dedicated to the Olympian gods..jpg)
Geometric Greece experienced a cultural revival of its historical past through epic poetry and the visual arts. The eighth century B.C. was the time of Homer, whose epic poems describe the Greek campaign against Troy (the Iliad) and the subsequent adventures of Odysseus on his return to Ithaca (the Odyssey). A newly emerging aristocracy distinguished itself with material wealth and through references to the Homeric past. Their graves were furnished with metal objects, innately precious by the scarcity of copper, tin, and gold deposits in Greece.
Evidence for the Geometric culture has come down to us in the form of epic poetry, artistic representation, and the archaeological record. From Hesiod (Erga, 639–640), we assume that most eighth century B.C.Greeks lived off the land. The epic poet describes the difficult life of the Geometric farmer. There are, however, few archaeological remains that describe everyday life during this period. Monumental kraters, originally used as grave markers, depict funerary rituals and heroic warriors. The presence of fine metalwork attests to prosperity and trade. In the earlier Geometric period, these objects, weapons, fibulae, and jewelry are found in graves—most likely relating to the status of the deceased. By the late eighth century B.C., however, the majority of metal objects are small bronze figurines—votive offerings associated with sanctuaries.
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Votive offerings of bronze and terracotta, and painted scenes on monumental vessels attest to a renewed interest in figural imagery that focuses on funerary rituals and the heroic world of aristocratic warriors and their equipment. The armed warrior, the chariot, and the horse are the most familiar symbols of the Geometric period. Iconographically, Geometric images are difficult to interpret due to the lack of inscriptions and the scarcity of identifying attributes. There can be little doubt, however, that many of the principal characters and stories of Greek mythology already existed, and that they simply had not yet received explicit visual form.
Surviving material shows a mastery of the major media—turning, decorating, and firing terracotta vases; casting and coldworking bronze; engraving gems; and working gold. The only significant medium that had not yet evolved was that of monumental stone sculpture—large-scale cult images most likely were constructed of a perishable material such as wood. Instead, powerful bronze figurines and monumental clay vases manifest the clarity and order that are, perhaps, the most salient characteristics of Greek art.
ΟΜΗΡΙΚΗ ΕΠΟΧΗ - ΟΜΗΡΟΣ (HOMER)
Ομηρική εποχή
(1100-750 π.Χ.)
Την παρακμή των μυκηναϊκών
κέντρων ακολούθησε περίοδος αναστατώσεων, η οποία διήρκεσε περίπου τρεις
αιώνες. Οι συνεχείς μετακινήσεις των ελληνικών φύλων αποτέλεσαν μια μεταβατική
εποχή, προς το τέλος της οποίας, μετά την απόκτηση μόνιμων εγκαταστάσεων, οι Έλληνες
διαμόρφωσαν τις προϋποθέσεις της ανασυγκρότησης τους. Κύρια πηγή πληροφοριών
γι' αυτή την περίοδο, εκτός από την αρχαιολογική έρευνα, είναι τα ομηρικά έπη. Για το λόγο αυτό, οι
ερευνητές την ονομάζουν συμβατικά ομηρική εποχή. Έχει χαρακτηριστεί και ως ελληνικός
μεσαίωνας ή σκοτεινοί χρόνοι, γιατί παλαιότερα τη
θεωρούσαν εποχή παρακμής και οι γνώσεις μας γι' αυτήν ήταν περιορισμένες.
Σήμερα η ιστορική έρευνα μιλάει πλέον για μια περίοδο ανασυγκρότησης και
οργανωτικής δημιουργίας, στη διάρκεια της οποίας τέθηκαν τα θεμέλια του
ελληνικού πολιτισμού.
Homer (circa 750-650 BC)
Homer. ©Homer is the name given to the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, the two major epic poems to have survived from Ancient Greece. These two poems are central to Western literature and culture.
Nothing is known of Homer as a person. In fact, there is not even agreement on whether one person created both the 'Iliad' and the 'Odyssey'. Both poems seem to have been composed at some time between 750 and 650 BC, but it is thought they were shaped out of older material handed down verbally by singer-poets. Nonetheless, Homer is conventionally depicted as a blind, bearded man.
The 'Iliad' tells the story of the final year of the Trojan War, focusing on the activities of the Greek hero Achilles. The 'Odyssey' describes the adventures of another Greek hero, Odysseus, as he returns home after the fall of Troy.
Thursday, November 7, 2013
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ΚΑΙ ΤΩΡΑ ΑΠΟΧΑΙΡΕΤΟΥΜΕ ΤΟΝ ΜΥΚΗΝΑΪΚΟ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΜΟ!
ΤΟ ΕΠΟΜΕΝΟ ΚΕΦΑΛΑΙΟ ΘΑ ΜΑΣ ΤΑΞΙΔΕΥΣΕΙ ΣΕ ΑΛΛΕΣ ΠΤΥΧΕΣ ΤΗΣ ΛΙΓΟ ΠΙΟ ΠΡΟΣΦΑΤΗΣ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑΣ ΤΟΥ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΥ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΥ ΚΟΣΜΟΥ
καλή συνέχεια!
αφού, πρώτα, συνδέστε σωστά τα μέρη των προτάσεων του παρακάτω πίνακα:
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ΑΠΑΝΤΗΣΕΙΣ
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1
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Ηγέτης των Ελλήνων κατά τον Τρωικό Πόλεμο
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Α
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ανασκαφές στις Αρχαίες Μυκήνες
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1 Ε
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2
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Για τον Τρωικό Πόλεμο έγραψε ο Όμηρος
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Β
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πολύ καλοί πολεμιστές και μηχανικοί.
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2
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3
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Ο Heinrich
Schliemann έκανε
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Γ
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σε μακρυνά μέρη της Δύσης και της Ανατολής.
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3
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4
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Η Θήβα ήταν ένα από τα πολιτιστικά
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Δ
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την εξέλιξη της Τέχνης των Μυκηναίων.
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4
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5
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Μυκηναίοι έμποροι μετέφεραν τα προϊόντα τους
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Ε
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ήταν ο Αγαμέμνωνας.
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5
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6
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Ο Πολιτισμός της Μινωικής Κρήτης επηρέασε πολύ
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Ζ
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κέντρα του Μυκηναϊκού Κόσμου.
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6
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7
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Οι αρχαίοι Μυκηναίοι δεν ήταν μόνο καλοί έμποροι, ήταν,
επίσης,
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Η
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φεουδαρχικού κοινωνικού συστήματος.
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7
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8
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Ο Άνακτας ήταν ο επικεφαλής ενός άρτια οργανωμένου
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Θ
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στο επικό του αριστούργημα «ΙΛΙΑΔΑ».
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8
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ΜΥΚΗΝΑΪΚΟΣ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΜΟΣ: ΠΛΟΗΓΗΘΕΙΤΕ ΚΑΙ ΑΝΑΚΑΛΥΨΤΕ
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